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Lofepramine

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Lofepramine
Clinical data
Trade namesGamanil, Lomont, Tymelyt, others
Other namesLopramine; DB-2182; Leo-460; WHR-2908A[1][2][3][4]
AHFS/Drugs.comInternational Drug Names
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability7%[5]
Protein binding99%[6]
MetabolismHepatic (via cytochrome P450, including CYP2D6)[7]
MetabolitesDesipramine (major)
Elimination half-lifeUp to 5 hours;[1] 12–24 hours (active metabolites)
ExcretionUrine, feces (mostly as metabolites)
Identifiers
  • N-(4-chlorobenzoylmethyl)-3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.041.254 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC26H27ClN2O
Molar mass418.97 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Clc1ccc(cc1)C(=O)CN(C)CCCN4c2ccccc2CCc3c4cccc3
  • InChI=1S/C26H27ClN2O/c1-28(19-26(30)22-13-15-23(27)16-14-22)17-6-18-29-24-9-4-2-7-20(24)11-12-21-8-3-5-10-25(21)29/h2-5,7-10,13-16H,6,11-12,17-19H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:SAPNXPWPAUFAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Lofepramine, sold under the brand names Gamanil, Lomont, and Tymelyt among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which is used to treat depression.[7][3][8] The TCAs are so named as they share the common property of having three rings in their chemical structure. Like most TCAs lofepramine is believed to work in relieving depression by increasing concentrations of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse, by inhibiting their reuptake.[7] It is usually considered a third-generation TCA, as unlike the first- and second-generation TCAs it is relatively safe in overdose and has milder and less frequent side effects.[9]

Lofepramine is not available in the United States, Canada, Australia or New Zealand, although it is available in Ireland, Japan, South Africa and the United Kingdom, among other countries.[1]

Depression

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, lofepramine is licensed for the treatment of depression which is its primary use in medicine.[6][10]

Lofepramine is an efficacious antidepressant with about 64% patients responding to it.[11]

Contraindications

[edit]

To be used with caution, or not at all, for people with the following conditions:[7]

And in those being treated with amiodarone or terfenadine.[7]

Pregnancy and lactation

[edit]

Lofepramine use during pregnancy is advised against unless the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.[7] This is because its safety during pregnancy has not been established and animal studies have shown some potential for harm if used during pregnancy.[7] If used during the third trimester of pregnancy it can cause insufficient breathing to meet oxygen requirements, agitation and withdrawal symptoms in the infant.[7] Likewise its use by breastfeeding women is advised against, except when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, due to the fact it is excreted in the breast milk and may therefore adversely affect the infant.[7] Although the amount secreted in breast milk is likely too small to be harmful.[13]

Side effects

[edit]

The most common adverse effects (occurring in at least 1% of those taking the drug) include agitation, anxiety, confusion, dizziness, irritability, abnormal sensations, like pins and needles, without a physical cause, sleep disturbances (e.g. sleeplessness) and a drop in blood pressure upon standing up.[13] Less frequent side effects include movement disorders (like tremors), precipitation of angle closure glaucoma and the potentially fatal side effects paralytic ileus and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.[13]

Dropout incidence due to side effects is about 20%.[11]

Side effects with unknown frequency include (but are not limited to):[13]

Withdrawal

[edit]

If abruptly stopped after regular use it can cause withdrawal effects such as sleeplessness, irritability and excessive sweating.[7]

Overdose

[edit]
Main article: Tricyclic antidepressant overdose

Compared to other TCAs, lofepramine is considered to be less toxic in overdose.[13] Its treatment is mostly a matter of trying to reduce absorption of the drug, if possible, using gastric lavage and monitoring for adverse effects on the heart.[7]

Interactions

[edit]

Lofepramine is known to interact with:[13][7]

Pharmacology

[edit]

Pharmacodynamics

[edit]
See also: Pharmacology of antidepressants and Tricyclic antidepressant § Binding profiles
Lofepramine (and metabolite)[14][15]
Site LPA DSITooltip Desipramine Species Ref
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter 70 17.6–163 Human [16][17]
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter 5.4 0.63–3.5 Human [16][17]
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter >10,000 3,190 Human [16]
5-HT1A 4,600 ≥6,400 Human [18][19]
5-HT2A 200 115–350 Human [18][19]
5-HT2C ND 244–748 Rat [20][21]
5-HT3 ND 4,402 Mouse [21]
5-HT7 ND >1,000 Rat [22]
α1 100 23–130 Human [18][23][17]
α2 2,700 ≥1,379 Human [18][23][17]
β >10,000 ≥1,700 Rat [24][25]
D1 500 5,460 Human/rat [26]
D2 2,000 3,400 Human [18][23]
H1 245–360 60–110 Human [27]

[18][23]

H2 4,270 1,550 Human [27]
H3 79,400 >100,000 Human [27]
H4 36,300 9,550 Human [27]
mAChTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 67 66–198 Human [18][23]
  M1 67 110 Human [28]
  M2 330 540 Human [28]
  M3 130 210 Human [28]
  M4 340 160 Human [28]
  M5 460 143 Human [28]
σ1 2,520 4,000 Rodent [29][14]
σ2 ND 1,611 Rat [14]
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.

Lofepramine is a strong inhibitor of norepinephrine reuptake and a moderate inhibitor of serotonin reuptake.[14] It is a weak-intermediate level antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.[14]

Lofepramine has been said to be a prodrug of desipramine,[30] although there is also evidence against this notion.[8]

Pharmacokinetics

[edit]

Lofepramine is extensively metabolized, via cleavage of the p-chlorophenacyl group, to the TCA, desipramine, in humans.[7][8][1] However, it is unlikely this property plays a substantial role in its overall effects as lofepramine exhibits lower toxicity and anticholinergic side effects relative to desipramine while retaining equivalent antidepressant efficacy.[8] The p-chlorophenacyl group is metabolized to p-chlorobenzoic acid which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine.[7] The desipramine metabolite is partly secreted in the faeces.[7] Other routes of metabolism include hydroxylation, glucuronidation, N-dealkylation and N-oxidation.[7][1]

Chemistry

[edit]

Lofepramine is a tricyclic compound, specifically a dibenzazepine, and possesses three rings fused together with a side chain attached in its chemical structure.[31] Other dibenzazepine TCAs include imipramine, desipramine, clomipramine, and trimipramine.[31][32] Lofepramine is a tertiary amine TCA, with its side chain-demethylated metabolite desipramine being a secondary amine.[33][30] Unlike other tertiary amine TCAs, lofepramine has a bulky 4-chlorobenzoylmethyl substituent on its amine instead of a methyl group.[32] Although lofepramine is technically a tertiary amine, it acts in large part as a prodrug of desipramine, and is more similar to secondary amine TCAs in its effects.[34] Other secondary amine TCAs besides desipramine include nortriptyline and protriptyline.[35][34] The chemical name of lofepramine is N-(4-chlorobenzoylmethyl)-3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine and its free base form has a chemical formula of C26H27ClN2O with a molecular weight of 418.958 g/mol.[2] The drug is used commercially mostly as the hydrochloride salt; the free base form is not used.[2][3] The CAS Registry Number of the free base is 23047-25-8 and of the hydrochloride is 26786-32-3.[2][3]

History

[edit]

Lofepramine was developed by Leo Läkemedel AB.[36] It first appeared in the literature in 1969 and was patented in 1970.[36] The drug was first introduced for the treatment of depression in either 1980 or 1983.[36][37]

Society and culture

[edit]

Generic names

[edit]

Lofepramine is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name and BANTooltip British Approved Name, while lofepramine hydrochloride is its USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, BANMTooltip British Approved Name, and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name.[2][3][38][4] Its generic name in French and its DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française are lofépramine, in Spanish and Italian and its DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana are lofepramina, in German is lofepramin, and in Latin is lofepraminum.[3][4]

Brand names

[edit]

Brand names of lofepramine include Amplit, Deftan, Deprimil, Emdalen, Gamanil, Gamonil, Lomont, Tymelet, and Tymelyt.[1][2][3][4]

Availability

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, lofepramine is marketed (as the hydrochloride salt) in the form of 70 mg tablets [12] and 70 mg/5 mL oral suspension.[39]

Research

[edit]

Fatigue

[edit]

A formulation containing lofepramine and the amino acid phenylalanine is under investigation as a treatment for fatigue as of 2015.[40]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Lofepramine Hydrochloride". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. The Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 738–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 614–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  4. ^ a b c d "Lofepramine". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
  5. ^ Lancaster SG, Gonzalez JP (February 1989). "Lofepramine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness". Drugs. 37 (2): 123–140. doi:10.2165/00003495-198937020-00003. PMID 2649353. S2CID 195693275.
  6. ^ a b "Lofepramine 70mg tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Merck Serono. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Lofepramine 70 mg Film-coated Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) - (eMC)". electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). Datapharm. April 2016. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d Leonard BE (October 1987). "A comparison of the pharmacological properties of the novel tricyclic antidepressant lofepramine with its major metabolite, desipramine: a review". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2 (4): 281–297. doi:10.1097/00004850-198710000-00001. PMID 2891742.
  9. ^ "SAFC Commercial Life Science Products & Services | Sigma-Aldrich". Safcglobal.com. 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
  10. ^ Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.
  11. ^ a b Kerihuel JC, Dreyfus JF (1991). "Meta-analyses of the efficacy and tolerability of the tricyclic antidepressant lofepramine". The Journal of International Medical Research. 19 (3). SAGE Publications: 183–201. doi:10.1177/030006059101900304. PMID 1834491. S2CID 22873432.
  12. ^ a b "Lofepramine 70mg Tablets". Archived from the original on 2015-10-25. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Joint Formulary Committee (2017). BNF 73 (British National Formulary) March 2017. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. pp. 354–355. ISBN 978-0-85711-276-7.
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  18. ^ a b c d e f g Cusack B, Nelson A, Richelson E (May 1994). "Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: focus on newer generation compounds". Psychopharmacology. 114 (4): 559–565. doi:10.1007/bf02244985. PMID 7855217. S2CID 21236268.
  19. ^ a b Wander TJ, Nelson A, Okazaki H, Richelson E (December 1986). "Antagonism by antidepressants of serotonin S1 and S2 receptors of normal human brain in vitro". European Journal of Pharmacology. 132 (2–3): 115–121. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(86)90596-0. PMID 3816971.
  20. ^ Pälvimäki EP, Roth BL, Majasuo H, Laakso A, Kuoppamäki M, Syvälahti E, Hietala J (August 1996). "Interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the serotonin 5-HT2c receptor". Psychopharmacology. 126 (3): 234–240. doi:10.1007/bf02246453. PMID 8876023. S2CID 24889381.
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  22. ^ Shen Y, Monsma FJ, Metcalf MA, Jose PA, Hamblin MW, Sibley DR (August 1993). "Molecular cloning and expression of a 5-hydroxytryptamine7 serotonin receptor subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (24): 18200–18204. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)46830-X. PMID 8394362.
  23. ^ a b c d e Richelson E, Nelson A (July 1984). "Antagonism by antidepressants of neurotransmitter receptors of normal human brain in vitro". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 230 (1): 94–102. PMID 6086881.
  24. ^ Muth EA, Haskins JT, Moyer JA, Husbands GE, Nielsen ST, Sigg EB (December 1986). "Antidepressant biochemical profile of the novel bicyclic compound Wy-45,030, an ethyl cyclohexanol derivative". Biochemical Pharmacology. 35 (24): 4493–4497. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(86)90769-0. PMID 3790168.
  25. ^ Sánchez C, Hyttel J (August 1999). "Comparison of the effects of antidepressants and their metabolites on reuptake of biogenic amines and on receptor binding". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 19 (4): 467–489. doi:10.1023/A:1006986824213. PMID 10379421. S2CID 19490821.
  26. ^ Deupree JD, Montgomery MD, Bylund DB (December 2007). "Pharmacological properties of the active metabolites of the antidepressants desipramine and citalopram". European Journal of Pharmacology. 576 (1–3): 55–60. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.08.017. PMC 2231336. PMID 17850785.
  27. ^ a b c d Appl H, Holzammer T, Dove S, Haen E, Strasser A, Seifert R (February 2012). "Interactions of recombinant human histamine H₁R, H₂R, H₃R, and H₄R receptors with 34 antidepressants and antipsychotics". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 385 (2): 145–170. doi:10.1007/s00210-011-0704-0. PMID 22033803. S2CID 14274150.
  28. ^ a b c d e Stanton T, Bolden-Watson C, Cusack B, Richelson E (June 1993). "Antagonism of the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells by antidepressants and antihistaminics". Biochemical Pharmacology. 45 (11): 2352–2354. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90211-e. PMID 8100134.
  29. ^ Weber E, Sonders M, Quarum M, McLean S, Pou S, Keana JF (November 1986). "1,3-Di(2-[5-3H]tolyl)guanidine: a selective ligand that labels sigma-type receptors for psychotomimetic opiates and antipsychotic drugs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (22): 8784–8788. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.8784W. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.22.8784. PMC 387016. PMID 2877462.
  30. ^ a b Anzenbacher P, Zanger UM (23 February 2012). Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 302–. ISBN 978-3-527-64632-6.
  31. ^ a b Ritsner MS (15 February 2013). Polypharmacy in Psychiatry Practice, Volume I: Multiple Medication Use Strategies. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-94-007-5805-6.
  32. ^ a b Lemke TL, Williams DA (2008). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 580, 607. ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5.
  33. ^ Cutler NR, Sramek JJ, Narang PK (20 September 1994). Pharmacodynamics and Drug Development: Perspectives in Clinical Pharmacology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 160–. ISBN 978-0-471-95052-3.
  34. ^ a b Cowen P, Harrison P, Burns T (9 August 2012). Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. OUP Oxford. pp. 532–. ISBN 978-0-19-162675-3.
  35. ^ Anthony PK (2002). Pharmacology Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-1-56053-470-9.
  36. ^ a b c Andersen J, Kristensen AS, Bang-Andersen B, Strømgaard K (July 2009). "Recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of antidepressant drugs with serotonin and norepinephrine transporters". Chemical Communications (25): 3677–3692. doi:10.1039/b903035m. PMID 19557250.
  37. ^ Dart RC (2004). Medical Toxicology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 836–. ISBN 978-0-7817-2845-4.
  38. ^ Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  39. ^ "Lofepramine Rosemont 70mg/5ml Oral Suspension - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) - (eMC)". 26 January 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  40. ^ "Lofepramine/phenylalanine - MultiCell Technologies". AdisInsight. Springer International Publishing AG. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
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