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Artist's impression of Galileo's arrival at Jupiter
Artist's impression of Galileo's arrival at Jupiter

The Galileo project was an American robotic space program that studied Jupiter and its moons (including Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto), as well as several other Solar System bodies. Named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, the Galileo spacecraft consisted of an orbiter and an atmospheric entry probe. It was launched in 1989 by the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-34 mission. Despite suffering major antenna problems, Galileo achieved the first asteroid flyby (of 951 Gaspra), discovered the first asteroid moon (Dactyl, around 243 Ida), and observed Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9's collision with Jupiter. After gravity-assisted flybys of Venus and Earth, Galileo became the first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter. It then launched the first probe to directly measure Jupiter's atmosphere. In 2003, the mission was terminated by sending the orbiter into Jupiter's atmosphere to eliminate the possibility of contaminating the Jovian moons with terrestrial bacteria. (Full article...)

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Ferrari FF
Ferrari FF

In the news

UN docs

[1]

  • Law No 2289/1995, as amended by Law No. 4001/2011: [2] ("the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone (once declared), to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured […] the outer limit of continental shelf and of the exclusive economic zone (once declared) is the median line, every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines (both continental and insular) from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured"
  • 2012/2013 oil concessions dispute, near Kastellorizo; Greek statement: [3] ("all Greek islands, including the islands of Rhodes and the insular group of Castellorizo, enjoy, beyond their territorial waters, maritime zones as any other land territory" [...] "ab initio and ipso facto sovereign rights"; pointing to "Law No 2289/1995, as amended by Law No. 4001/2011"
  • Turkish response, 2013: equity versus strict application of median lines, "semi-enclosed seas where special circumstances prevail"
  • 2016, Turkish note [4]: "islands do not necessarily generate full maritime jurisdiction zones […] when they are competing against continental land areas", points to precedents (UK vs. France over Channel Islands, Tunisia vs Italy, Romania vs Ukraine over Serpent Island, Bangladesh vs Myanmar, Nicaragua vs Colombia)

Further refs

  • Yiallourides, Constantinos (2019). Maritime disputes and international law: Disputed waters and seabed resources in Asia and Europe. London: Routledge. "In some situations involving small islands that are remote from the coast of the State to which they belong and midway or even closer to the coast of another State, it is possible that they may [be] 'substantially discounted' for delimitation purposes if their use is perceived to have an inequitable distorting effect on the final boundary line". Several precedents from ICJ, ITLOS and others: Libya/Malta (discounting Filfla); Tunisia/Libya (discounting Djerba); Guinea/Guinea-Bissau arbitration (discounting Alcatraz); Qatar/Bahrain (discounting Qit'at al Jaradah and Fasht al Jarim); Romania/Ukraine (discounting Serpent Island)
  • Van Dyke, Jon M. (1993). "The Role of Islands in Delimiting Maritime Zones: The Case of the Aegean Sea" (PDF). Trasporti: Diritto, economia, politica (61): 17–50. Retrieved 15 December 2019.. Also in: The Aegean Sea: Problems and Prospects, Ankara 1990, and in Ocean Yearbook 8 (1990), 44–64.

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October 18: Alaska Day (1867)

Bob Beamon
Bob Beamon
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Krishna's Butterball

Krishna's Butterball is a large granite balancing rock that rests on a short incline in the coastal resort town of Mamallapuram in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is approximately six metres (20 ft) high and five metres (16 ft) wide, with a mass of around 250 tonnes. It is balanced on a slope on top of a 1.2-metre-high (4 ft) plinth that is a naturally eroded hill. Krishna's Butterball is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site built during the 7th and 8th centuries as Hindu religious monuments by the Pallava dynasty. It is now a popular tourist attraction.

Photograph credit: Timothy A. Gonsalves

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