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The Augustinian theodicy, like other theodicies, is an argument reconciling an omnipotent, benevolent God with the presence of evil. Named after the early Christian theologian and philosopher Augustine of Hippo (pictured in a 16th-century painting), the argument asserts that evil exists not in itself but as a corruption of goodness, requiring the abuse of free will. The 20th-century philosopher John Hick classified similar theodicies by Thomas Aquinas, John Calvin, and others as Augustinian for their shared beliefs that God is perfect and guiltless, that he created the world out of nothing, and that evil is a punishment for original sin. Augustine's argument was criticised by his contemporary Fortunatus, a Manichaean, who contended that God must be implicated in evil, and by 18th-century theologian Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, who said the argument neglected human suffering. Hick regarded evil as something necessary for moral development, and process theologians have argued that God is not responsible for evil because he is not omnipotent. Scientific consensus regarding the beginning of the world and the development of life runs contrary to some aspects of the Augustinian theodicy. (Full article...)

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In the news

In motorsport, Nick Tandy, Earl Bamber, and Nico Hülkenberg (pictured) driving the Porsche 919 Hybrid win the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Flooding in the Georgian capital Tbilisi kills at least 12 people and releases zoo animals into the streets.
The Philae lander from the Rosetta mission successfully awakens from its hibernation mode, seven months after landing on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
In tennis, the French Open concludes with American Serena Williams winning the Women's Singles and Swiss Stan Wawrinka winning the Men's Singles.
British actor Christopher Lee dies at the age of 93.
In the Turkish general election, the Justice and Development Party loses its parliamentary majority.

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On this day...

June 16: Bloomsday in Dublin, Ireland

1487 – Lancastrian forces defeated Yorkist supporters at the Battle of Stoke Field in East Stoke, Nottinghamshire, England, the final battle of the Wars of the Roses.
1815 – Napoleonic Wars: French Marshal Michel Ney earned a strategic victory against the Anglo-Dutch army in the Battle of Quatre Bras.
1883 – Over 180 out of 1,100 children died in the Victoria Hall disaster in Sunderland, England, when they stampeded down the stairs to collect gifts from the entertainers after the end of a variety show.
1904 – Irish author James Joyce (pictured) began his relationship with Nora Barnacle, and subsequently used the date to set the actions for his 1922 novel Ulysses.
1961 – Pioneering Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev defected from the Soviet Union at Paris–Le Bourget Airport with the help of French police and a Parisian socialite friend.

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Today's featured picture

Mycena leaiana var. australis photographed in Mount Field National Park, Tasmania, Australia. The color of the Australian and New Zealand variety of M. leaina differs from the American one, which has bright orange caps and stalks and reddish-orange gill edges.

Photograph: JJ Harrison

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