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Vital articles is a list of subjects for which Wikipedia should have corresponding high-quality articles. It serves as a centralized watchlist to track the status of Wikipedia's most essential articles. This is one of the sub-lists of the fifty thousand article Vital articles/Level 5 and is currently under construction.

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The progress bar is auto-updated via category count, and the symbols and article counts are updated daily by User:cewbot. Please read the FAQ before modifying the article list.

For specific geographical objects see Geography

Quota 1,200 articles.

Total 1,206 articles.

Class #Articles
FA 7
GA 50
B 193
C 402
LIST 7
FFA 11
DGA 14
Start 475
Stub 72

Earth science basics[edit]

This section contains 176 articles.

Earth science basics: General[edit]

This section contains 49 articles.

  1. Earth science (Level 3)
  2. Biogeochemical cycle
    1. Calcium cycle
    2. Carbon cycle
      1. Carbon sequestration
    3. Nitrogen cycle
    4. Oxygen cycle
    5. Phosphorus cycle
  3. Natural environment
    1. Environmental issues
      1. Environmental conflict
        1. Environmental justice
        2. Tragedy of the commons
      2. Environmental degradation
      3. Human–wildlife conflict
      4. List of environmental issues
    2. Environmental protection
      1. Protected area
      2. Stewardship (theology)
    3. Environmental studies
      1. Environmental policy
      2. Environmental science
    4. Human impact on the environment
      1. Land use
    5. Wilderness
  4. Earth's rotation
    1. Foucault pendulum
  5. Figure of the Earth
    1. Earth ellipsoid
    2. Equatorial bulge
    3. Flat Earth
    4. Spherical Earth
    5. Schiehallion experiment
  6. Gaia hypothesis
  7. History of Earth (Level 3)
    1. Early Earth
    2. Extinction event (Level 4)
    3. Ice age (Level 4)
    4. Milankovitch cycles
  8. Natural disaster (Level 4)
    1. Disaster response
    2. Wildfire (Level 4)
  9. Natural resource (Level 4)
    1. Conflict minerals law
    2. Environmental resource management
    3. Overexploitation
      1. Overfishing
  10. Planetary boundaries
  11. Thermocline

Biomes[edit]

This section contains 49 articles.

Biomes: General[edit]

This section contains 14 articles.

  1. Drylands
    1. Desert (Level 3)
      1. Desertification
      2. Oasis (Level 4)
    2. Deserts and xeric shrublands
    3. Drought (Level 4)
  2. Shrubland (Level 4)
    1. Chaparral
    2. Fynbos
    3. Heath
    4. Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
    5. Moorland
  3. Tundra (Level 4)
    1. Alpine tundra

Forests[edit]

This section contains 17 articles.

  1. Forest (Level 3)
  2. Rainforest (Level 4)
    1. Tropical rainforest (Level 4)
    2. Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
    3. Temperate rainforest
  3. Taiga (Level 4)
  4. Temperate forest
    1. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests (Level 4)
    2. Temperate coniferous forest
    3. Temperate deciduous forest
  5. Tropical forest
    1. Jungle (Level 4)
    2. Seasonal tropical forest
      1. Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
    3. Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
  6. Woodland
    1. Grove (nature)

Grasslands[edit]

This section contains 8 articles.

  1. Grassland (Level 3)
  2. Meadow (Level 4)
  3. Montane grasslands and shrublands
  4. Prairie (Level 4)
  5. Savanna (Level 4)
  6. Steppe (Level 4)
  7. Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
  8. Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands

Wetlands[edit]

This section contains 10 articles.

  1. Wetland (Level 4)
  2. Bog (Level 4)
  3. Fen
  4. Flooded grasslands and savannas
  5. Mangrove (Level 4)
  6. Marsh (Level 4)
  7. Peatland
  8. Riparian zone
  9. Salt marsh
  10. Swamp (Level 4)

Climatology[edit]

This section contains 65 articles.

Climatology: General[edit]

This section contains 5 articles.

  1. Climatology (Level 4)
  2. Climate system
  3. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (Level 4)
  4. Köppen climate classification (Level 4)
  5. Microclimate

Climates[edit]

This section contains 15 articles.

  1. Climate (Level 2)
  2. Alpine climate
    1. Montane ecosystems
  3. Desert climate
  4. Polar climate
    1. Climate of Antarctica
    2. Climate of the Arctic
  5. Semi-arid climate
  6. Subarctic climate
  7. Temperate climate (Level 4)
    1. Mediterranean climate
  8. Tropical climate (Level 4)
    1. Tropical monsoon climate
    2. Tropical rainforest climate
    3. Tropical savanna climate

Climate change[edit]

This section contains 45 articles.

  1. Climate change (Level 3)
  2. Climate change in Africa
  3. Climate change in Antarctica
  4. Climate change denial
  5. Climate change in Europe
  6. Climate change feedbacks
    1. Arctic methane emissions
    2. Climate sensitivity
    3. Ice–albedo feedback
    4. Tipping points in the climate system
  7. Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa
  8. Climate change mitigation
  9. Climate change vulnerability
  10. Climate model
  11. Climate variability and change (Level 4)
  12. Deforestation and climate change
    1. Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
  13. Earth's energy budget
    1. Outgoing longwave radiation
    2. Radiative forcing
    3. Solar irradiance
  14. Economic analysis of climate change
  15. Effects of climate change
    1. Arctic sea ice decline
    2. Effects of climate change on agriculture
    3. Effects of climate change on human health
    4. Effects of climate change on oceans
      1. Ocean acidification
    5. Effects of climate change on small island countries
    6. Extreme weather
    7. Global dimming
  16. Greenhouse effect (Level 4)
  17. Greenhouse gas
  18. Greenhouse gas emissions
    1. Carbon budget
    2. List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions
      1. Climate change in Australia
      2. Climate change in Brazil
      3. Climate change in Canada
      4. Climate change in India
      5. Climate change in Indonesia
      6. Climate change in Japan
    3. Methane emissions
  19. Politics of climate change
  20. Solar activity and climate

Seasons[edit]

This section contains 13 articles.

  1. Season (Level 3)
  2. Spring (season) (Level 4)
  3. Summer (Level 4)
    1. Heat wave
  4. Autumn (Level 4)
  5. Winter (Level 4)
    1. Cold wave
  6. Wet season
    1. East Asian Monsoon
    2. Monsoon of South Asia
  7. Dry season
    1. Harmattan
  8. Atlantic hurricane season

Air[edit]

This section contains 133 articles.

Atmosphere[edit]

This section contains 27 articles.

Atmosphere: General[edit]

This section contains 13 articles.

  1. Atmosphere of Earth (Level 3)
    1. Troposphere
    2. Stratosphere
      1. Ozone layer
    3. Mesosphere
    4. Thermosphere
    5. Exosphere
      1. Atmospheric escape
      2. Kármán line
  2. Air mass (Level 4)
  3. Atmospheric pressure (Level 4)
  4. Atmospheric science (Level 4)
  5. Ozone depletion (Level 4)

Atmospheric optics[edit]

This section contains 14 articles.

  1. Aurora (Level 4)
  2. Glory (optical phenomenon)
  3. Halo (optical phenomenon)
  4. Haze
    1. Smog
  5. Heiligenschein
  6. Light pillar
  7. Mirage (Level 4)
    1. Fata Morgana (mirage)
  8. Rainbow (Level 4)
  9. Sky (Level 4)
    1. Diffuse sky radiation
  10. Sun dog
  11. Sunlight

Meteorology[edit]

This section contains 106 articles.

Meteorology: General[edit]

This section contains 11 articles.

  1. Meteorology (Level 4)
  2. Weather (Level 3)
  3. Weather front (Level 4)
  4. Weather forecasting (Level 4)
    1. Marine weather forecasting
    2. Weather station
    3. Surface weather observation
    4. Surface weather analysis
  5. Humidity (Level 4)
  6. Low-pressure area (Level 4)
  7. Indian summer

Clouds[edit]

This section contains 23 articles.

  1. Cloud (Level 3)
  2. Cirrus cloud (Level 4)
  3. Cumulonimbus cloud (Level 4)
  4. Cumulus cloud (Level 4)
    1. Cumulus congestus cloud
    2. Cumulus humilis cloud
    3. Cumulus mediocris cloud
  5. Fog (Level 4)
  6. Mist
  7. Diamond dust
  8. Funnel cloud
  9. Cirrostratus cloud
    1. Cirrostratus nebulosus
  10. Nimbostratus cloud
  11. Fractus cloud
  12. Stratus cloud
  13. Altostratus cloud
    1. Altostratus undulatus cloud
  14. Stratocumulus cloud
  15. Altocumulus cloud
  16. Cirrocumulus cloud
  17. Noctilucent cloud
  18. Polar stratospheric cloud

Precipitation[edit]

This section contains 14 articles.

  1. Precipitation (Level 4)
  2. Rain (Level 3)
    1. Acid rain (Level 4)
    2. Freezing rain
  3. Snow (Level 3)
  4. Hail (Level 4)
  5. Dew (Level 4)
  6. Frost (Level 4)
  7. Ice pellets
  8. Rain and snow mixed
  9. Graupel
  10. Drizzle
  11. Cloudburst
  12. Rain shadow

Atmospheric circulation[edit]

This section contains 7 articles.

  1. Atmospheric circulation (Level 4)
  2. Anticyclone (Level 4)
  3. Cyclone (Level 4)
  4. Extratropical cyclone (Level 4)
  5. Hadley cell (Level 4)
  6. Polar vortex (Level 4)
  7. Walker circulation (Level 4)

Storms[edit]

This section contains 38 articles.

  1. Storm (Level 4)
  2. Winter storm
    1. Blizzard (Level 4)
    2. Ice storm
    3. Snow squall
    4. Whiteout (weather)
  3. Whirlwind
    1. Tornado (Level 3)
      1. Landspout
      2. Multiple-vortex tornado
      3. Tornado preparedness
      4. Waterspout
    2. Gustnado
    3. Fire whirl
    4. Dust devil
    5. Steam devil
  4. Tropical cyclone (Level 3)
    1. Eye (cyclone)
    2. Saffir–Simpson scale
    3. Storm surge
    4. Tropical cyclogenesis
    5. Tropical cyclone forecasting
      1. Dvorak technique
      2. Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting
      3. Tropical cyclone track forecasting
    6. Tropical cyclone preparedness
  5. Dust storm (Level 4)
    1. Dust
  6. Atmospheric electricity
    1. Lightning (Level 4)
      1. Lightning strike
      2. Ball lightning
      3. Sprite (lightning)
      4. Thunder
    2. Thunderstorm (Level 4)
      1. Supercell
  7. Geomagnetic storm
  8. St. Elmo's fire

Winds[edit]

This section contains 13 articles.

  1. Wind (Level 3)
  2. Foehn wind
  3. Intertropical Convergence Zone
  4. Jet stream (Level 4)
  5. Katabatic wind
  6. Mistral (wind)
  7. Monsoon (Level 4)
  8. Prevailing winds
  9. Sea breeze
  10. Trade winds (Level 4)
  11. Vertical draft
  12. Westerlies
  13. Wind shear

Geology[edit]

This section contains 651 articles.

Geology: General[edit]

This section contains 12 articles.

  1. Geology (Level 2)
  2. Core sample
    1. Dendrochronology
    2. Ice core
  3. Geologic record
  4. Internal structure of Earth (Level 3)
    1. Earth's crust
    2. Earth's inner core (Level 4)
    3. Earth's outer core (Level 4)
    4. Mantle (geology) (Level 4)
    5. Mohorovičić discontinuity
    6. Geological hazard

Geochemistry[edit]

This section contains 17 articles.

  1. Geochemistry
  2. Isotope geochemistry
    1. Primordial nuclide
    2. δ13C
    3. δ18O
  3. Geochemical cycle
  4. Goldschmidt classification
  5. Igneous differentiation
    1. Partial melting
  6. Natural hydrogen
  7. Trace element
  8. Biogeochemistry
    1. Organic geochemistry
    2. Remineralisation
  9. Metamorphic reaction
  10. Radium and radon in the environment
  11. Recrystallization (geology)

Geophysics[edit]

This section contains 59 articles.

  1. Geophysics (Level 4)
  2. Computational geophysics
  3. Earth's internal heat budget
  4. Earth's magnetic field (Level 4)
    1. Geomagnetic pole
    2. Geomagnetic reversal
    3. Ionosphere
    4. Magnetic anomaly
    5. North magnetic pole
    6. South magnetic pole
    7. Van Allen radiation belt
  5. Forensic geophysics
  6. Geodesy (Level 4)
    1. Physical geodesy
  7. Geodynamics
    1. Byerlee's law
    2. Fault mechanics
  8. Geomathematics
  9. Geophysical fluid dynamics
  10. Geothermal gradient
  11. Gravimetry
    1. Gravity of Earth
  12. Isostasy
  13. Mantle convection
    1. Mantle plume
  14. Near-surface geophysics
  15. Soil liquefaction
  16. Theory of tides

Seismology[edit]

This section contains 31 articles.

  1. Seismology (Level 4)
  2. Seismic wave
    1. P wave
    2. S wave
    3. Love wave
  3. Seismic intensity scales
    1. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
  4. Seismic magnitude scales
    1. Richter scale
    2. Moment magnitude scale
  5. Seismic refraction
  6. Seismic tomography
  7. Seismic zone
  8. Shadow zone
  9. Elastic-rebound theory
  10. Earthquake (Level 3)
    1. Mainshock
    2. Foreshock
    3. Aftershock
    4. Megathrust earthquake
    5. Epicenter
    6. Focal mechanism
    7. Earthquake preparedness
    8. Earthquake prediction
    9. Earthquake forecasting
    10. Earthquake early warning system
    11. Slow earthquake
    12. Interplate earthquake
    13. Intraplate earthquake
    14. Deep-focus earthquake
  11. Ground motion

Historical geology[edit]

This section contains 95 articles.

Basics[edit]

This section contains 3 articles.

  1. Geological history of Earth (Level 4)
  2. Age of Earth
  3. Historical geology

Geochronology[edit]

This section contains 13 articles.

  1. Geochronology (Level 4)
  2. Absolute dating
    1. Radiometric dating
    2. Closure temperature
    3. K–Ar dating
    4. Argon–argon dating
    5. Rubidium–strontium dating
    6. Uranium–lead dating
  3. Relative dating
  4. Detrital zircon geochronology
  5. Monazite geochronology
  6. Paleomagnetism
  7. Thermochronology

Paleoclimate[edit]

This section contains 4 articles.

  1. Paleoclimatology
  2. Geological history of oxygen
  3. Paleotempestology
  4. Paleothermometer

Events[edit]

This section contains 21 articles.

  1. Late Heavy Bombardment
  2. Great Oxidation Event (Level 4)
  3. Snowball Earth
    1. Huronian glaciation
    2. Sturtian glaciation
    3. Marinoan glaciation
  4. Cambrian explosion (Level 4)
  5. Late Ordovician mass extinction (Level 4)
  6. Andean-Saharan glaciation
  7. Late Devonian extinction (Level 4)
  8. Late Paleozoic icehouse
  9. Permian–Triassic extinction event (Level 4)
  10. Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (Level 4)
  11. Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (Level 4)
    1. Alvarez hypothesis
  12. Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
  13. Quaternary glaciation
  14. Last Glacial Period
    1. Last Glacial Maximum
  15. Late Pleistocene extinctions
    1. Holocene extinction

Paleogeography[edit]

This section contains 18 articles.

  1. Paleocontinent
    1. Baltica
    2. Laurentia
  2. Supercontinent
    1. Gondwana
    2. Kenorland
    3. Laurasia
    4. Pangaea (Level 4)
    5. Pannotia
    6. Rodinia
    7. Ur (continent)
    8. Vaalbara
  3. Iapetus Ocean
  4. Paleo-Tethys Ocean
  5. Panthalassa
  6. Rheic Ocean
  7. Tethys Ocean
  8. Western Interior Seaway

Geological timescale[edit]

This section contains 36 articles.

  1. Geologic time scale (Level 4)
  2. Precambrian (Level 4)
    1. Hadean
    2. Archean
      1. Eoarchean
      2. Paleoarchean
      3. Mesoarchean
    3. Proterozoic
      1. Paleoproterozoic
      2. Mesoproterozoic
      3. Neoproterozoic
        1. Ediacaran
  3. Phanerozoic (Level 4)
    1. Paleozoic (Level 4)
      1. Cambrian (Level 4)
      2. Ordovician
      3. Silurian
      4. Devonian
      5. Carboniferous
      6. Permian (Level 4)
    2. Mesozoic (Level 4)
      1. Triassic (Level 4)
      2. Jurassic (Level 4)
      3. Cretaceous (Level 4)
    3. Cenozoic (Level 4)
      1. Paleogene (Level 4)
        1. Paleocene
        2. Eocene
        3. Oligocene
      2. Neogene (Level 4)
        1. Miocene
        2. Pliocene
      3. Quaternary (Level 4)
        1. Pleistocene
        2. Holocene (Level 4)
        3. Anthropocene

Terrestrial geology[edit]

This section contains 468 articles.

Terrestrial geology: General[edit]

This section contains 1 article.

  1. Aggregate (geology)

Geologic features[edit]

This section contains 21 articles.

  1. Algoman orogeny
  2. Andean orogeny
  3. Belt Supergroup
  4. Central Asian Orogenic Belt
  5. Columbia River Basalt Group
  6. Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
  7. Deccan Traps
  8. Diapir
  9. Dike (geology)
  10. Geology of the Appalachians
  11. Geology of the Himalayas
  12. Hawaii hotspot
  13. Hydrothermal vent
  14. Laramide orogeny
  15. Siberian Traps
  16. Sill (geology)
  17. Slave Craton
    1. Acasta Gneiss
  18. Slickenside
  19. Terra Australis Orogen
  20. Yellowstone hotspot

Minerals[edit]

This section contains 173 articles.

  1. Mineral (Level 3)
  2. Mineralogy (Level 4)
  3. Arsenate mineral
    1. Erythrite
  4. Arsenide mineral
    1. Loellingite
    2. Skutterudite
    3. Sperrylite
  5. Borate mineral
    1. Boracite
    2. Kernite
    3. Colemanite
    4. Ulexite
    5. Painite
  6. Carbonate mineral
    1. Aragonite
    2. Azurite
    3. Bastnäsite
    4. Calcite
      1. Iceland spar
    5. Dolomite (mineral)
    6. Magnesite
    7. Malachite
    8. Rhodochrosite
    9. Siderite
    10. Smithsonite
      1. Calamine (mineral)
  7. Crocoite
  8. Earth pigment
    1. Chalk
    2. Ochre
      1. Sienna
      2. Umber
  9. Gemstone (Level 4)
  10. Halide mineral
    1. Cryolite
    2. Fluorite
      1. Antozonite
    3. Halite
    4. Sylvite
  11. Mineral physics
  12. Native element mineral
    1. Native metal
      1. Meteoric iron
      2. Native copper
      3. Telluric iron
  13. Oxide mineral
    1. Anatase
    2. Brookite
    3. Brucite
    4. Cassiterite
    5. Chrysoberyl
    6. Corundum
      1. Sapphire (Level 4)
      2. Ruby (Level 4)
    7. Cuprite
    8. Hematite
    9. Ilmenite
    10. Limonite
    11. Magnetite
    12. Perovskite
    13. Portlandite
    14. Psilomelane
    15. Pyrolusite
    16. Rutile
    17. Spinel group
      1. Chromite
      2. Spinel
    18. Tantalite
      1. Coltan
    19. Thorianite
    20. Uraninite
  14. Phosphate mineral
    1. Apatite
    2. Fluorapatite
    3. Monazite
    4. Phosphorite
    5. Turquoise
  15. Scheelite
  16. Silicate mineral
    1. Aluminosilicate
      1. Pollucite
      2. Stilbite
      3. Zeolite
    2. Asbestos (Level 4)
    3. Feldspathoid
      1. Nosean
      2. Petalite
      3. Sodalite
      4. Hauyne
      5. Lazurite
      6. Tugtupite
    4. Olivine
      1. Fayalite
      2. Forsterite
      3. Peridot
    5. Garnet
    6. Hemimorphite
    7. Zircon
    8. Andalusite
    9. Sillimanite
    10. Kyanite
    11. Staurolite
    12. Topaz
    13. Opal
    14. Titanite
    15. Tourmaline
    16. Epidote
      1. Allanite
      2. Tanzanite
    17. Beryl
      1. Aquamarine (gem)
      2. Emerald (Level 4)
    18. Pyroxene (Level 4)
      1. Augite
      2. Diopside
      3. Enstatite
      4. Hedenbergite
      5. Pigeonite
      6. Spodumene
      7. Wollastonite
    19. Amphibole
      1. Hornblende
      2. Cummingtonite
      3. Jade (Level 4)
    20. Mica (Level 4)
      1. Biotite
      2. Lepidolite
      3. Muscovite
      4. Clay mineral
        1. Hectorite
        2. Kaolinite (Level 4)
        3. Serpentine subgroup
        4. Serpentinization
        5. Serpentinite
        6. Talc (Level 4)
    21. Chlorite group
    22. Quartz (Level 4)
      1. Amethyst
      2. Chalcedony
        1. Carnelian
      3. Flint
        1. Onyx
    23. Feldspar (Level 4)
      1. Plagioclase
        1. Labradorite
      2. Orthoclase
      3. Microcline
      4. Anorthite
      5. Albite
    24. Vermiculite
  17. Sulfate mineral
    1. Alunite
    2. Anhydrite
    3. Baryte
    4. Gypsum (Level 4)
    5. Jarosite
  18. Sulfide mineral
    1. Arsenopyrite
    2. Bornite
    3. Chalcopyrite
    4. Cinnabar
    5. Cobaltite
    6. Galena
    7. Greenockite
    8. Pentlandite
    9. Orpiment
    10. Pyrite
    11. Realgar
    12. Sphalerite
    13. Stibnite
    14. Troilite
  19. Wolframite

Petrology[edit]

This section contains 74 articles.

  1. Petrology (Level 4)
  2. Rock (geology) (Level 3)
    1. Bedrock
    2. Ore (Level 4)
  3. Bowen's reaction series
  4. Igneous rock (Level 4)
    1. Volcanic rock
    2. Extrusive rock
      1. Andesite
        1. Boninite
      2. Basalt (Level 4)
      3. Dacite
      4. Komatiite
      5. Rhyolite
    3. Intrusive rock
      1. Granite (Level 4)
        1. Greisen
      2. Granodiorite
      3. Diorite
      4. Gabbro
      5. Pegmatite
      6. Peridotite
        1. Kimberlite
    4. Tuff (Level 4)
    5. Magma (Level 4)
    6. Igneous intrusion
    7. Batholith
    8. Porphyry (geology)
      1. Porphyry copper deposit
    9. Volcanic glass
      1. Obsidian
      2. Pumice
  5. Metamorphic rock (Level 4)
    1. Schist (Level 4)
      1. Greenschist
      2. Blueschist
    2. Marble (Level 4)
    3. Gneiss (Level 4)
    4. Slate (Level 4)
    5. Amphibolite
    6. Granulite
    7. Hornfels
    8. Migmatite
    9. Phyllite
    10. Quartzite
    11. Tectonite
      1. Cataclasite
      2. Mylonite
  6. Sedimentary rock (Level 4)
    1. Carbonate rock
      1. Limestone (Level 4)
      2. Dolomite (rock)
      3. Oolite
    2. Clastic rock
      1. Shale
        1. Oil shale (Level 4)
      2. Mudrock
      3. Siltstone
      4. Sandstone (Level 4)
        1. Greywacke
      5. Conglomerate (geology) (Level 4)
      6. Breccia (Level 4)
    3. Bauxite (Level 4)
    4. Concretion
      1. Manganese nodule
    5. Evaporite
      1. Carnallite
      2. Kainite
    6. Banded iron formation
      1. Ironstone
    7. Nodule (geology)
    8. Turbidite
  7. Meteorite (Level 4)
  8. Porosity

Sedimentology[edit]

This section contains 43 articles.

  1. Sediment (Level 4)
  2. Grain size
    1. Boulder
    2. Clay (Level 4)
    3. Cobble (geology)
    4. Gravel (Level 4)
    5. Loam
    6. Mud
    7. Pebble
    8. Sand (Level 4)
    9. Silt
  3. Pelagic sediment
    1. Siliceous ooze
    2. Pelagic red clay
  4. Till
  5. Alluvium
  6. Deposition (geology)
  7. Diagenesis
  8. Sedimentary basin (Level 4)
    1. Sedimentary basin analysis
  9. Sediment transport
    1. Sediment gravity flow
    2. Bed load
    3. Suspended load
    4. Dissolved load
  10. Aggradation
  11. Degradation (geology)
  12. Bioturbation
  13. Cementation (geology)
  14. Sedimentary structures
    1. Cross-bedding
    2. Hummocky cross-stratification
    3. Bedform
      1. Ripple marks
    4. Soft-sediment deformation structures
    5. Mudcrack
  15. Graded bedding
  16. Lamination (geology)
  17. Bed (geology)
  18. Roundness (geology)
  19. Regolith
  20. Paleosol
  21. Loess

Soil science[edit]

This section contains 26 articles.

  1. Soil science (Level 4)
  2. Detritus
  3. Edaphology
  4. Humus
  5. Soil (Level 3)
    1. Peat (Level 4)
    2. Podzol
    3. Topsoil
  6. Soil chemistry
    1. Soil acidification
    2. Soil pH
  7. Soil classification
    1. Soil texture
    2. Soil type
  8. Soil erosion
  9. Soil fertility (Level 4)
  10. Soil formation (Level 4)
  11. Soil health
  12. Soil horizon
  13. Soil morphology
  14. Soil physics
  15. Pedology
    1. Leaching (pedology)
  16. Pedosphere (Level 4)
  17. Plant litter
  18. Tilth

Stratigraphy[edit]

This section contains 29 articles.

  1. Stratigraphy (Level 4)
    1. Lithostratigraphy
    2. Biostratigraphy
    3. Chronostratigraphy
    4. Magnetostratigraphy
    5. Sequence stratigraphy
  2. Stratigraphic unit (Level 4)
    1. Group (stratigraphy)
    2. Geological formation
  3. Greenstone belt
  4. Stratum
  5. Marine regression
  6. Marine transgression
  7. Basement (geology)
  8. Contact (geology)
    1. Unconformity
  9. Law of superposition
  10. Facies
  11. Stratigraphic section
  12. System (stratigraphy)
    1. Series (stratigraphy)
    2. Stage (stratigraphy)
  13. Biozone
  14. List of index fossils
  15. Sequence (geology)
  16. Parasequence
  17. Type locality (geology)
  18. Cratonic sequence
  19. Past sea level

Structural geology[edit]

This section contains 22 articles.

  1. Structural geology
  2. Boudinage
  3. Ductility (Earth science)
    1. Brittle–ductile transition zone
  4. Fabric (geology)
    1. Foliation (geology)
      1. Crenulation
    2. Lineation (geology)
  5. Fold (geology) (Level 4)
    1. Anticline
    2. Syncline
  6. Fracture (geology)
    1. Joint (geology)
    2. Fault (geology) (Level 4)
      1. Thrust fault (Level 4)
      2. Detachment fault
      3. Shear (geology)
    3. Cleavage (geology)
    4. Vein (geology)
  7. Shear zone
  8. Strike and dip
  9. Structural basin

Tectonics[edit]

This section contains 58 articles.

  1. Plate tectonics (Level 3)
  2. Continental drift
  3. Continent (Level 3)
    1. Continental fragment
    2. Craton
  4. Continental shelf (Level 4)
  5. Continental margin
  6. Continental rise
  7. Abyssal plain (Level 4)
  8. Divergent boundary
    1. Rift
    2. Mid-ocean ridge (Level 4)
    3. Pull-apart basin
  9. Transform fault
  10. Convergent boundary
    1. Subduction
      1. Oceanic trench (Level 4)
      2. Accretionary wedge
      3. Slab (geology)
      4. Slab pull
    2. Tectonic uplift
    3. Orogeny
      1. Forearc
      2. Back-arc basin
      3. Foreland basin
  11. Passive margin
  12. Décollement
  13. Lithosphere (Level 4)
    1. Crust (geology) (Level 4)
      1. Continental crust
      2. Oceanic crust
  14. Upper mantle
  15. Lower mantle
  16. Asthenosphere
  17. Shield (geology)
  18. Triple junction
  19. Geologic province
  20. Transition zone (Earth)
  21. Core–mantle boundary

Tectonic plates[edit]

This section contains 19 articles.

  1. African Plate
  2. Arabian Plate
  3. Amurian microplate
  4. Antarctic Plate
  5. Caribbean Plate
  6. Cocos Plate
  7. Eurasian Plate
  8. Indo-Australian Plate
  9. Nazca Plate
  10. North American Plate
  11. Okhotsk microplate
  12. Pacific Plate
  13. Philippine Sea Plate
  14. Scotia Plate
  15. Somali Plate
  16. South American Plate
  17. Sunda Plate
  18. Farallon Plate
    1. Juan de Fuca Plate

Volcanology[edit]

This section contains 21 articles.

  1. Volcanology
  2. Volcanism
  3. Volcanic arc
  4. Volcano (Level 3)
    1. Supervolcano
    2. Cinder cone
    3. Shield volcano
    4. Stratovolcano
    5. Complex volcano
  5. Geyser (Level 4)
  6. Hotspot (geology) (Level 4)
  7. Lava (Level 4)
  8. Lahar
  9. Magma chamber
  10. Volatile (astrogeology)
  11. Pyroclastic flow
  12. Hot spring
  13. Lava dome
  14. Submarine volcano
  15. Volcanic crater
  16. Volcanic plug

Geomorphology[edit]

This section contains 115 articles.

Geomorphology: General[edit]

This section contains 10 articles.

  1. Geomorphology (Level 4)
  2. Erosion (Level 3)
    1. Abrasion (geology)
    2. Mass wasting
      1. Avalanche (Level 4)
      2. Landslide (Level 4)
      3. Mudflow
      4. Rockslide
  3. Weathering (Level 4)
  4. Subsidence

Landforms[edit]

This section contains 105 articles.

Landforms: General[edit]

This section contains 14 articles.

  1. Landform (Level 4)
  2. Land (Level 2)
  3. Highland
  4. Upland and lowland
  5. Hill (Level 4)
  6. Valley (Level 4)
    1. Rift valley
    2. Ravine
  7. Plateau (Level 4)
  8. Plain (Level 4)
  9. Depression (geology)
    1. Impact crater (Level 4)
    2. Isostatic depression
  10. Escarpment

Aeolian landforms[edit]

This section contains 2 articles.

  1. Aeolian processes (Level 4)
  2. Dune (Level 4)

Artificial landforms[edit]

This section contains 3 articles.

  1. Artificial island (Level 4)
  2. Land reclamation (Level 4)
  3. Polder (Level 4)

Caves[edit]

This section contains 10 articles.

  1. Cave (Level 4)
    1. Speleology
  2. Karst (Level 4)
  3. Speleothem
    1. Stalactite
    2. Stalagmite
  4. Solutional cave
  5. Lava tube
  6. Sinkhole
    1. Cenote

Fluvial landforms[edit]

This section contains 14 articles.

  1. River morphology
  2. Alluvial fan (Level 4)
  3. Canyon (Level 4)
  4. Cut bank
  5. Floodplain (Level 4)
  6. Gully
  7. Meander (Level 4)
  8. Rapids (Level 4)
  9. Waterfall (Level 4)
  10. Bar (river morphology)
    1. Point bar
  11. Promontory
  12. Stream bed
  13. Wadi

Glacial landforms[edit]

This section contains 7 articles.

  1. Glacial landform (Level 4)
  2. Cirque
  3. Esker
  4. Fjord (Level 4)
  5. Moraine (Level 4)
  6. Post-glacial rebound
  7. U-shaped valley

Montane landforms[edit]

This section contains 9 articles.

  1. Mountain (Level 3)
    1. Mountain formation
    2. Mountain range (Level 4)
  2. Fault block
  3. Fold mountains
  4. Mountain pass
  5. Ridge
  6. Summit
  7. Scree

Oceanic and coastal landforms[edit]

This section contains 32 articles.

  1. Oceanic basin
  2. Archipelago (Level 4)
  3. Bay (Level 4)
  4. Beach (Level 4)
    1. Shingle beach
  5. Coast (Level 4)
    1. Cliffed coast
    2. Coastal geography
    3. Flat coast
  6. Headland
    1. Cape (geography)
  7. Lagoon (Level 4)
  8. Peninsula (Level 4)
  9. Island (Level 3)
    1. Tidal island
    2. Barrier island
    3. Coral island
      1. Atoll (Level 4)
    4. Volcanic island
    5. Islet
    6. Lake island
    7. River island
    8. Uninhabited island
  10. Reef
  11. Seamount (Level 4)
    1. Guyot
  12. Mudflat
    1. Bay mud
  13. Isthmus
  14. Sea cave
  15. Shoal
  16. Stack (geology)

Other erosional landforms[edit]

This section contains 7 articles.

  1. Badlands
  2. Butte
  3. Cliff (Level 4)
  4. Hummock
  5. Mesa (Level 4)
  6. Terrace (geology)
  7. Tor (rock formation)

Volcanic landforms[edit]

This section contains 7 articles.

  1. Caldera
  2. Flood basalt
  3. Fumarole
  4. Large igneous province
  5. Lava field
  6. Maar
  7. Volcanic cone

Water[edit]

This section contains 131 articles.

Water: General[edit]

This section contains 18 articles.

  1. Aquatic animal
    1. Coldwater fish
    2. Freshwater fish
    3. Neuston
    4. Tropical fish
  2. Aquatic ecosystem
    1. Freshwater ecosystem
  3. Cryosphere (Level 4)
  4. Eutrophication
  5. Flood (Level 3)
    1. Flash flood
  6. Hydrosphere (Level 4)
  7. Salinity
    1. Fresh water
    2. Brackish water
    3. Saline water
    4. Brine
  8. Whirlpool

Oceanography[edit]

This section contains 57 articles.

  1. Oceanography (Level 4)
  2. Marine chemistry
  3. Marine ecosystem
    1. Marine coastal ecosystem
    2. Ocean surface ecosystem
      1. Sea surface microlayer
  4. Marine habitat
    1. Coral reef (Level 4)
    2. Kelp forest
    3. Littoral zone
    4. Mangrove forest
    5. Neritic zone
    6. Seagrass meadow
    7. Benthic zone
    8. Marine sediment
  5. Marine life
    1. Coastal fish
    2. Coral reef fish (Level 4)
    3. Deep-sea community
    4. Deep-sea fish (Level 4)
    5. Demersal fish
    6. Marine mammal
    7. Pelagic fish
    8. Saltwater fish
  6. Ocean (Level 4)
  7. Ocean dynamics
    1. Ekman transport
      1. Upwelling
    2. Ocean current (Level 4)
      1. Rip current
    3. Ocean surface topography
    4. Thermohaline circulation (Level 4)
  8. Ocean temperature
    1. Sea surface temperature
  9. Oceanic zone
    1. Pelagic zone
      1. Photic zone
      2. Aphotic zone
        1. Mesopelagic zone
        2. Bathypelagic zone
        3. Abyssal zone
        4. Hadal zone
  10. Sea (Level 2)
  11. Seabed (Level 4)
  12. Sea level (Level 4)
    1. Sea level rise
  13. Seawater
  14. Strait
  15. Tide (Level 4)
    1. Intertidal zone
    2. Tide pool
    3. Tidal range
  16. Tsunami (Level 4)
    1. Megatsunami
  17. Turbidity current
  18. Wind wave
    1. Rogue wave

Glaciology[edit]

This section contains 10 articles.

  1. Glaciology
  2. Basal sliding
  3. Crevasse
  4. Glacier (Level 3)
  5. Iceberg (Level 4)
  6. Ice sheet (Level 4)
  7. Ice shelf (Level 4)
  8. Methane clathrate
  9. Permafrost (Level 4)
  10. Sea ice (Level 4)

Hydrology[edit]

This section contains 46 articles.

  1. Hydrology (Level 4)
  2. Body of water
  3. Discharge (hydrology)
    1. Streamflow
  4. Groundwater (Level 4)
    1. Spring (hydrology) (Level 4)
    2. Aquifer
      1. Artesian well
    3. Groundwater recharge
  5. Hydrography (Level 4)
  6. Lake (Level 3)
    1. Alpine lake
    2. Dry lake (Level 4)
      1. Salt pan (geology)
    3. Glacial lake
      1. Proglacial lake
    4. Lake ecosystem
      1. Lake stratification
    5. Oxbow lake
    6. Pond (Level 4)
    7. Puddle
    8. Pluvial lake
    9. Rift lake
    10. Salt lake
    11. Underground lake
    12. Volcanic crater lake
  7. Limnology (Level 4)
  8. River (Level 3)
    1. Alluvial river
    2. Arroyo (watercourse)
    3. Avulsion (river)
    4. Bedrock river
    5. Distributary
      1. Braided river
    6. Confluence
    7. Drainage basin (Level 4)
      1. Endorheic basin
    8. Estuary (Level 4)
    9. River mouth
    10. River delta (Level 4)
    11. River ecosystem
    12. River source
    13. Stream
    14. Thalweg
    15. Tributary
  9. Water cycle (Level 4)


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